India-China
Border Standoff: High in the Mountains, Thousands of Troops Go Toe-to-Toe
Biggest Border Clashes in Decades a Sign of
Growing Friction Between World’s Most-Populous Countries
Friction along India’s long and
disputed border with China has sparked a road-building effort to make it easier
for the Indian army to move troops and equipment to contested areas. WSJ's
Gordon Fairclough reports.
By Gordon Fairclou in
the Wall Street Journal
KORZOK, India—It was
dusk when the herdsmen reached their Himalayan village bearing ominous news:
They had spotted dozens of camouflage-clad Chinese soldiers inside territory
India considers its own.
Indian
security forces poured in, beginning a face-off last month that grew to involve more than 1,000
troops on each side at an altitude of roughly 15,000 feet, according to Indian
officials, making it the biggest border confrontation between the two nations
in decades.
The
mountain standoff lasted weeks and at times involved tense shoving-and-shouting
matches, according to Indian border-patrol troopers who participated. Both
armies called in helicopters. The scale and duration of the clash are signs of
mounting friction between the world’s two most-populous countries.
“The
Chinese have become more aggressive,” said Jayadeva Ranadé, a member of India’s
National Security Advisory Board. “They were trying to send a message that they
can pressure us at a time and place of their choosing.”
Beijing
says its forces didn’t cross the “line of actual control”—a boundary that has
separated the two sides since a 1962 border war and whose exact location
remains a subject of bitter dispute—and played down the encounter’s
significance.
Without
a clearly demarcated border, “it is quite natural for some incidents to
happen,” Chinese Defense Ministry spokesman Col. Geng Yansheng said afterward
at a news briefing in Beijing.
Locals
were caught in the middle. “Everybody was worried and asking if we should stay
or go,” said Gyaltsan Tsering, the headman of Chumar, a village near the standoff.
“We were afraid hostilities would break out.”
Much
of the global attention paid to China’s territorial assertiveness has focused
on maritime conflicts in the East China Sea and the South China Sea that have
stoked tensions with Japan, the U.S. and some Southeast Asian nations.
But
China is also making a less-noticed push in the west to enforce claims along
its 2,200-mile (3,400-kilometer) frontier with India. India says the number of
what it describes as Chinese “transgressions” across the two countries’
ill-defined boundary has climbed sharply—to more than 400 last year from 213 in
2011.
At
times the disputes have revolved around issues as minor as the location of a
hut to shelter herders. Many details of the most-recent standoff, based on Wall
Street Journal interviews near where the incident occurred, haven’t previously
been reported.
China’s
Defense Ministry didn’t respond to questions about India’s figures and declined
to say if Indian troops cross into the Chinese side. Both countries say their
forces don’t leave what they consider to be their own territory.
India’s
new government has pledged a tougher foreign-policy stance. Last week, Home
Minister Rajnath Singh said India would build 54 new outposts along the eastern
section of the India-China border and invest $28.5 million in other
infrastructure to catch up with construction on the Chinese side.
Although
New Delhi wants to resolve boundary disputes through dialogue, “peace cannot
come at the cost of honor,” he said.
On
Thursday, a spokesman for China’s Defense Ministry, Yang Yujun, reacted,
saying: “We hope the Indian side can strive to uphold peace and calm in the
border region, and not take any actions that complicate the situation.”
The
long-running quarrel hasn’t involved armed conflict in recent years and both
sides say they are determined to keep the peace. But analysts say more
encounters between the two sides’ armed forces raise the risk of accidental
escalation.
Defense
analysts attribute the increasing tensions in part to the fact that both sides
have built roads and other infrastructure that ease the movement of troops and
supplies, despite the border areas’ inhospitable geography.
China
has also shown greater willingness to press its territorial claims and show its
displeasure with its neighbors as its economic and military power has
increased.
The
two countries have long harbored strategic misgivings about each other. India
resents China’s close relations with rival Pakistan and its growing influence
with India’s other neighbors. China says its interests in the region are
commercial, not military.
For
its part, Beijing is wary of the emergence of a strategic partnership among
India, the U.S. and Japan, which some in Beijing see as aimed at hindering
China’s rise. India’s decision to let the Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama use the
country as a base also rankles with China.
While
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi wants Chinese investment to help revive
India’s economy, he hasn’t shied away from steps that could anger Beijing. On
Tuesday, India said it would sell navy vessels to Vietnam, which has its own
territorial feud with China, after earlier signing an energy-exploration deal
with Hanoi.
Today’s
border situation has its roots in the fact that for centuries, the sparsely
inhabited belt of mountains between what are now India and China existed as a sort
of buffer zone between empires. Since a brief 1962 border war between the
countries that left several thousand soldiers dead or missing, tension has
waxed and waned.
China
asserts claims on India’s Arunachal Pradesh state, while India claims a region
it calls Aksai Chin that connects Tibet with Xinjiang in northwest China. More
than a dozen rounds of talks since 2003 haven’t made much visible progress
toward a settlement.
Now,
local leaders from Indian border areas say they believe China is making a creeping
advance, in some cases forcing herders off traditional grazing grounds.
Assessing the situation on China’s side is more difficult, because China limits
the access of foreign journalists to militarily sensitive border areas.
Chinese
troops “come some meters, or a kilometer, at a time,” said Gurmet Dorjay, a
member of India’s Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council. “Our side doesn’t
push back. That’s how you lose ownership.”
Kiren
Rijiju, a minister of state in India’s Home Ministry, said Mr. Modi’s
government would “respond appropriately” to incursions.
Villages
like Chumar in the arid, high-altitude region of Ladakh, part of India’s
northern Jammu and Kashmir state, are on the front line.
A
settlement of stone and whitewashed, mud-brick houses and corrals for
livestock, Chumar is home to about 35 families who eke out a living raising
goats, sheep and other animals. They earn money selling cashmere wool.
People
speak a Tibetan language similar to that spoken across the border in China and
practice Tibetan Buddhism. Prayer flags flutter over the village and locals
worship at a nearby monastery.
Residents
say they are Indian citizens and would leave if the area falls under the
control of Chinese authorities, whom they view as hostile to their religion and
ways of living.
Locals
used to have little contact with China’s military, said Mr. Tsering, the
headman, who is his 40s. That changed in recent years, he said.
Chinese
soldiers on horseback entered areas around Chumar multiple times in the summer
of 2013, locals said. This spring, Mr. Tsering and other local leaders said,
several herdsmen from Chumar were attacked by about a dozen mounted Chinese
soldiers.
The
soldiers beat them with whips in an area near a group of generations-old
Buddhist monuments, said Messrs. Tsering and Dorjay. “Nobody’s been challenging
them, so they just keep coming,” said Mr. Tsering.
China’s
Defense Ministry declined to comment.
Then
came the September standoff, ahead of a visit to India by Chinese President Xi Jinping .
Indian
security forces discovered Chinese soldiers using heavy earth-moving equipment
to build a dirt road into territory India considers its own. Dozens of Chinese
soldiers also took up positions at an area of high ground known to India’s
military as 30R, near Chumar.
India
has long considered 30R to be on its side of the line of actual control and
Indian forces use it to monitor Chinese operations.
Convoys
of olive-drab troop trucks rushed in Indian reinforcements and China sent in
more troops. Forces—for the most part armed with assault rifles and pistols—at
times pushed, shoved and shouted at each other, participants said.
“This
is the biggest confrontation I’ve ever seen,” said one veteran Indo-Tibetan
Border Police officer, who declined to be named. “It’s obvious they want to
come farther.”
Chinese
officers showed maps to their Indian counterparts indicating that the 30R hill
and Buddhist stupas closer to the Chumar monastery were in Chinese territory,
the officer said.
“That
is a new claim. Next year they’ll be back with a map that moves the border even
further,” he said. “They keep changing the maps and intruding again and again.”
Ma
Jiali, an India watcher at the China Reform Forum, a think tank affiliated with
the Communist Party’s Central Party School, said India’s construction of
outposts around Chumar, where India’s army and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police
have bases, had forced China’s hand.
“China
didn’t provoke the latest standoff,” Mr. Ma said. He blamed India for “creating
a new point of contention and forcing the Chinese side into taking action to
defend its position.”
A
few years ago, India built a paved road to the Chumar area and an observation
tower. During the standoff, China also objected to what Indian officials
described as a hut, erected to shelter patrols, that India says is within its
territory. The Chinese in the past have also objected to a shelter for herders
near another village.
It
took several rounds of talks between military commanders and a meeting of the
countries’ foreign ministers before the two sides pulled back.
Such
face-offs could become more common as India moves to close the gap with China
in terms of border roads and infrastructure. China has made big investments in
border regions and connected Lhasa, Tibet’s capital, to the country’s east
coast by rail.
India
is making its own infrastructure push. In the Ladakh region in late September,
crews were blasting away the side of a mountain to widen a road to border areas
and doing other construction work. The military has started using airfields
near contested border areas to spotlight its ability to airlift reinforcements.
“India
is trying to catch up,” said C. Raja Mohan, a foreign-policy specialist at the
Observer Research Foundation, a New Delhi think tank. “Both militaries are now
operating much closer to the border. That could mean more incidents and more
intense incidents.”
—Chun
Han Wong in Beijing contributed to this article.
The original post with a video, images, and
maps can be found at: http://online.wsj.com/articles/india-china-border-standoff-high-in-the-mountains-thousands-of-troops-go-toe-to-toe-1414704602?mod=trending_now_2
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